Wholesale Handbags, Fashion Handbags http://www.itcnit.cn wholesale handbags, fashion handbags, designer's inspired handbags. Fri, 10 Feb 2012 14:19:32 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.9.1 en hourly 1 Tosa cuisine restaurant “Mi Bao Xi http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/276 http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/276#comments Fri, 10 Feb 2012 14:19:32 +0000 admin a the Tosa level
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a the Tosa level
in our list today when the local rank and file level, you must realize that the Tosa in the regional championship game. But the level is granted by the State (Japan), Tosa-Ken Communication Association. In addition, as long as the Tosa fighting, its level is not permanent.
Tosa level continued to battle through its length, quality of opponents, for their courage and perseverance to judge. Continued fighting in Vietnam a long time, honor the higher, if the two dogs rivet without killing each other, then in battle more respectable. This is exactly the opposite of fighting dogs in the United States, the sooner the victory of the United States a dog and kill the right to put the more respect. Therefore, a quick win Tosa will not be higher than the level of long duration dogs.
a Tosa can get a title but must take it to retire or to keep it. Retirement is just a self-explanation. One Tosa in a two games to defeat in combat brave and persistent, you can still retain their title, but can not afford to fail too. On the contrary a Tosa quick win many games, it was forced to compete with higher levels of dog. Tosa won the longest round of the Championship a few championships. Regardless of which dogs fighting more time close to 30 minutes more to win the game. Still fighting two dogs in 30 minutes is declared a draw, awarded the title of that game would not have been any one dog.
these levels by a panel of referees grant Tosa Tosa fighting purposes. WARRIOR GRAND CHAMPION Champion fighter in Japan, so the level (except) are countries Tosa-Ken Communication Association referee group numbered. Typically, the Tosa is not only in its heavyweight within the battle, but also in other levels of competition. The performance of a dog is good or bad, usually with the same level of canine reference, Tosa masters can request the dog to join higher than the current level of competition, so that more attention and improve. If a soil Zuojia into lower levels of competition, its original high-level will lose and to win back again. Of course, this is rare. Finally, it should be noted that, from beginning to end female dogs are by no means will not be fighting in Japan Championship.
Note: Tosa weight classes divided:
small 30 ~~ 40kg
medium 40 ~ 45kg
large 46 ~ 50kg
large 50 ~ 55kg or more very large 56kg more than

Second, the Japanese Tosa contest rules
Tosa fighting is similar to sumo wrestling, the rules are very similar. The Tosa admission silk rope traction, beaded with embroidery celebration shirt valued at $ 30,000 or more. And then 10 inches in diameter within the range of two Tosa stop in the stands, the referee, the two Vice referee and three other examiners. The head of two dogs locked together, they are struggling to try other launch ring. Tosa fighting has not been approved will be terminated. Fighting time limit within 30 minutes, up to more than 40 minutes. Dogs which bark and growl qualifications will be considered to have lost the game. Tosa to win, not frequent or violent attack dogs, the winner only with its own spirit of victory. Even if a Tosa repression by opponents throughout the race, this will not affect the final victory. Failure or not only decided that it did not whine, growl, or trying to escape, the poor performance of the tired and no longer able to stand up and so on.
female Tosa than other breeds of dogs are brave and much more, but only the male Tosa race. Female parent Tosa as a family guard dog. Like any sport, male Tosa was placed in the harsh environment of continuous training. Every day to continue to run a distance of more than 10 miles. Each Tosa have two or three opponents tearing each year. The title of the the victory Tosa highest level is “Yokozuna level”, the honorary title of this title is also a sumo champion.
Third, the origin of Tosa
centuries, fighting dogs have been in Japan multiply Tosa very special 900 years has been respected. It was first discovered and the Japanese Tosa (Kochi area of ??Shikoku island), is generally considered to be a hunted wild boar medium size dog. Tokugawagov when Japan split end, Japanese breeders began to use it and optimize the varieties of the Western dogs, with the increase in the number of Western tourists Tosa bulldog, mastiff, large dogs and a large Danish dog, Saint Bernard dog, bull dog such as hybridization. So that it more huge and more than a medium-sized Japanese Tosa. The end of 1913, the species optimal. During this development, it was named for the Tosa-Inu, Tosa-Token, Tosa-Ken.
Tosa is a relatively new breed. According to the Japanese dog club, it is Perry captain arrived in Japan in 1854, shortly after the formation of the Japanese dog will be to “foreign dog” with the local dog hybrid, introduced in the cultivation and development of the Tosa-Ken Dog The dog breeds include: Shikoku dog, bulldog, mastiff, German guide dog and Great Dane, etc..
Tosa (the Tosa-Ken, the Tosa-Token, the Tosa-Inu, Japanese Mastiff) is a breed of Japan for many years bred to fight. For centuries, dog fighting has been in Japan, lives and breeds. In a large number of dog fighting, the Tosa is a very special 900 years has always been respected by the Japanese people. In the history of Japan all over the prevalence of dog fighting game, but the Kochi area of ??Shikoku Island Tosa County fighting dogs the most popular areas. Tosa is a breed of Japan successful gene selection. Tosa prototype of the medium body of Nihon Inu (Japanese pronunciation: Japanese dogs), it is used for hunting wild boar, Tosa merged with Western countries, the breed gene. 1854 re-enacted the independent policy of the State, with the continued inflow of Western breeds, traditional breeds began with the Western dogs fighting contest, and Japan and the significant weakness in the fight game. This failure touched the Japanese, they believe that any failure to sully their reputation a.
Tokugawagov reign, Japan split came to an end, the breeders in Japan on cross-breeding varieties optimized began systematically to use it with other Western dog. Breeders who hopes to join such as: gene of the Western countries of the Great Dane, mastiff, British Bulldog, Bull Terrier, and instructions dog breeds to breed a larger, more ferocious bulldog. 1876, the German Pointer harmonious temper and height developed a keen sense of smell to join the selection of the Tosa, Tosa have predatory behavior. Mastiff (1874), was introduced to join the lineage of Tosa because they have unusually strong muscle tissue and skull structure, although this will give Tosa bring heavy dull appearance. Then the Great Dane, which is used to reduce the the mastiff heavy and increase sensitivity, the Tosa is more suitable for sports. In 1872, the English cattle descent to Tosa powerful bite muscular strong forelimbs and short flat mouth and snout. Bull Terrier (date unknown) is used to enhance the tenacity ability. In 1960, Japan imported Bordeaux, France, it to soil Zuojia into more power. Breeding in all were selected as the male parent female parent dog should win the dog fight in the ring, because it will be more refined Tosa descent. After such breeding Tosa than medium-sized Japanese Tosa much more Shuozhuang to Tosa became the advantages of a multi-dog, one of the outstanding varieties. The end of 1913, the species breeding optimal. During this development, it was named as the Tosa-Inu, Tosa – Token, Tosa-ken and so on.
But this point, the development of Tosa is not over. During World War II, the Tosa-Ken is almost extinct, and only remnants of 10. Fortunate to have enthusiastic sterile dog will Tosa dogs hidden evil thought and care and to give their food to make it survive. These sterile dog who had to hide, because if the dog owner is caught will be sentenced to death. The war finally ended, through the efforts and love of the Japanese Tosa breeding was able to start again.
when Tosa exported to South Korea and Taiwan, the Tosa fighting movement began to flourish, the number will increase up. After World War II, under the joint efforts from Japan, Korea and Taiwan, Tosa recovery. Japan, Korea and Taiwan together to create a fighting dog has a high value. Dog fighting competition in Japan, the Tosa to the quiet, cruel and fearless direction, but as a dog breeding Japanese they refined became great shape, suitable for sensitive movement, does not love to bark , the wise and fearless dog.
in Japan, dog fight game is very mature movement, Japanese Tosa see the incarnation as the spirit of Bushido. History, sumo wrestlers are taught to learn the Tosa fighting in performance as the fearless, tenacious and courageous spirit. What is surprising is that the rules used to manage the Tosa fighting is a serious and complex. Japanese sumo all gorgeous and grand ceremony is given the Tosa fighting game. In Japan, the Tosa as a dog “Sumo wrestlers. In the field of dog fighting, humanity as a warrior.
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Ming Lin
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read Ami Mercy (read stream): for the sake of reporting Fu Chou, get different people to teach swordsmanship.
-year-old, his father (also a fencing master) was killed by a friend, get wet nurse to the rescue of fleeing, the age of seven nursing mothers will be sent with its procession of state Fujisawa Temple (radium made by, or clean-ji, Japan, the Pure Land When the total number of lines of the mountain, again creating the Master also said that the sea swallowed IV, who is built), was a procession Master (immediate ancestors were once again open the Master) income for the disciples, monks, called read Ami.
bent would like to avenge his father, then attached to the Buddhist Art of War sword, ten years old to Beijing (Kyoto) to the temple on the outskirts of the pommel horse, bent to follow the story of Minamoto no Yoshitsune, different people have to teach swordsmanship of wonderful technology, 16-year-old to Kamakura Shou Temple, Tak Wing Yu esoteric Buddhist teaching swordsmanship, 18-year-old building and then to Kyushu winding of the Lok Temple, in the end, with the sword if the repair of the profound meaning, then, Ami has a more in-line stance foot Monk parade the country, Celebrity visits for swordsmanship of practice, then finally return home – Austrian state of horses, per service and trade name Soma Shiro Yoshimoto, coach handbags, found the enemy Killing Father, and to grant the first, the continued mourning for three years, Governor to brother inherited the house and physically become a monk again, renamed Mercy to continue its wandering Asian countries fencing practice is to read the ancestor of flow.
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often Lu Xiaotian city of Santo, Shi Hojo family from generation to generation.
from the source since the days of the battlefield level, discount coach handbags By the, almost to bows and arrows, razor (long-handled Boren knife), spear, club, etc. for the The main weapon, but when they are knocked out or after the discount, you must hang the sword or knife back to race to enter Moreover, since the Muromachi period has gradually become intensive tactics tactics, such as those Qiangbang long arms, anti-become redundant, and even the risk of injuries have been party comrades, so filial piety towards the theory and actual combat experience accordingly to create a sword combat techniques, to create Oda flow, phase extension of several generations of their descendants, all as a great swordsman.
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Kamakura shogunate power in general, after three generations fall into the hands of Hojo . bearing a long three years (1221) Hojo royal rebellion by the calm, the imperial court in Kyoto to set up monitoring of the \ Battle \ meet the \ years of rule. Soon, Ashikaga Takauji separate Komyoin regime Godaigo Emperor moved to Yoshino, form, and the Northern and Southern confrontation. to the 14 th century, Ashikaga Takauji third-generation successor to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu united, to establish Muromachi Shogunate, from the complex and the implementation of \ entered the \ Xing stage, the mainstream faction for Kenninji inheritance law system, \; Lanxi Road, Long-martial to Lanxi posthumous title of \ Wu Temple Stream, \ to 21 schools, as \ Wu has been the favorite home, Cao was like respect, \ level) and in the community as persons by occupation, agricultural, industrial and commercial hierarchy, always to lower the local warriors and the general public living in the bottom of society as the focus of enlightenment.
with Zen deep into all levels of society Japanese Zen culture become more sophisticated, converging into a five-Hill 10 brake system as a link to a new wave of contemporary culture, and focus on integration of Zen and Confucianism reflected in literary and military family of five mountains and two aspects of Buddhist culture.
Zen arrived, with the advance the spread of Confucianism and Shinto contact, as distinct from the ancestral home of the Japanese Zen in China. China Tang Dynasty Zen melt into the thinking of the two elements of Confucianism, Taoism, Song, \ long. Chinese monks, such as the famous Zen Master Lanxi Road, Long Song, Wu Temple Pu collar, large off-righteous thoughts, no school ancestral mountain Ming Yuan and Ning Yuan Jingtang feel so knowledgeable people have to the Japanese as \ Song learning \, in which there is clearly only renowned for their historical records of letters, Ming-chuen, the Greek Yuen Road element, no one to turn Universal Gate, Nampo Shao-ming, Yuan Er- defense round, heart, etc. without the dozens of people feel. such as \ Debate Round Hill saw in the Song Dynasty Song Dynasty Confucian literati and Chan practice, advocating a culture of Science, the Zhu Xi \ The atmosphere of the first. < br />
Song, Chinese Zen community in accordance with India 5 10 Tasha refined the story, in Jingshan, Lingyin Hill, Tiantong net Tsz Shan and Yu-Shan Wang set up 10 brake. Five Mountain Buddhist temple in Japan was modeled on China \ Changes in the history of the changing concept. warriors rise to the old or poor nobles and respected scholars of literature MAK eclipsed, replaced by a Zen strong \ century, the Han Guan teacher versed in the tiger training and Sesson You- mei, the rise of rock full moon, etc. Chan Seng Chan Poem wave, divided into \ read the Chinese classics, learning Chinese Poetry Science; method for finding the latter focus on China, the monk in the mountains and rivers to get to know and experience the Han culture. Later, as the \ in turn poetry, articles, calligraphy and chess as well as painting techniques Dan-climax. Also, because Buddhist temple dedicated Communication Studies Chan Seng Song is uncommon to a master of Neo-Confucianism, and the literature match the \ Pop. Zen is another sign of maturity in the samurai class in the formation of a wide range of weapons at home Zen. warrior career is his military campaign had a \. feudal rulers of Zen in Japan \ Hope it enlightenment servants loyal to the Lord for the generous monarch to die. The warriors also particularly appreciate the \ not welcome, not admitting sad, \ After the crowd fled, Zuyuan An element saber plexus Participation was sitting in meditation verse:
< br /> heaven and earth heaven and earth Zhuo solitary species of bamboo, happy to go one space law is empty,
Jennifer major element three feet sword, cutting off electric lighting in the spring breeze.
leaving a meta-language ferocious soldiers retreat records. It is said that \ trouble \; tempering the warrior spirit, \ Warrior also warned: \ Shu, often from the calm quiet. chest does not hang-inch wire , however the Legislative Branch are both true, use effective. \ Summer, summer and autumn and autumn and the winter, \ Battle of Minatogawa, \ Cold. \ warriors of the panic, to still move the Zen vision equipment increases, the Zen martial arts being used to attend.
Zen enlightenment by samurai family generally respond, \ the basic characteristics of the spirit. From the Warring States period to modern times, the Tang Dynasty \ gawa Ieyasu Temple of Zen Ze- business division as \ warrior heart \ Northern and Southern political turmoil after the various sects of Buddhism are to varying degrees, but only Zen not only has not declined, but even more prosperous. Japanese Zen teachings and practices of some of the Chinese Zen Buddhism and even beyond the mother body, to consummate level. Not only that, Zen for the broad generalization of Japanese Zen culture in the cast to replace the sense of national civilization and prevailed over the past various sects of Buddhism, to \ civilization to a new stage . The root of Zen in Japan to flourish because, probably mainly in the following three:
(a) is a volatile social situation so dictates. materialist conception of history tells us that any religious development real power lies not in its own aura, but under specific historical conditions of its movement in the result of changes. In essence,, since the Middle Ages changes in Japanese society, class relations and social environment determine changes in the development of Zen in Japan and change. because, for large-scale export of Chinese culture in the Tang Dynasty when the existing Japanese Zen, the reason why the Japanese civilization, until a few centuries later Caibei accepted this \ Zen is bound to grow in a mature stage of feudal society, then can cast out the bright fruit of oriental civilization. This is Zen in medieval Japan, the social roots of mature later.
(b) is a unique practice of Zen way dictates in the war-torn when violent turbulent times in life and lament, cherish the life of the spirit of the great quality of life market. Zen to clear your heart to meet the public indifferent to the psychological characteristics of Ming Chi. Moreover, Rinzai, Cao and Huang Bo later enlightenment object in the \ c) is rooted in the culture of each growing point. a nation of civilized life, fire is a dynamic concept. on the general political system of decay, does not mean the end of the corresponding culture system, stir up new cultural trend start. the Middle Ages, the Japanese culture there is another leap in the foundation of Zen in Japan all alone on the growth of the national characteristics of the various \ or the height of the abstract laws of nature such as Taoism – — \ eyes, the so-called metaphysical is the \; artistic way. \ Ruran under the variant as a \ militarism in modern times to use their evil tools to the spirit of aggression and expansion is different). If not Zen, \ pre-modern cast of Japanese national spirit, it is hard to imagine a breakthrough and putting a new system of Japanese culture, Tang emergence of Zen in Japan is indeed an important part of civilization and the main source.
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sage Nichiren radium 2010 words Ink on paper 99cm x 53cm
Nichiren (Nichiren 1222 ~ 1282) Su Xing Kanna, young were good days. native Omi State (now Shizuoka Prefecture), was born in Awa Province (now Chiba Prefecture) kominato. childhood in this county from the clear Temple Road, good hair, name lotus long, later renamed Nichiren. beginner Shingon Buddhism, Kamakura after the tour, even every Enryakuji respect for the sea, go hand in hand Teng Mount Hiei, learning from the various school roof doctrine Carpenter more than ten years. Also tour Japan (now Nara), Kii (Wakayama today) and so the monastery, became acquainted with the Zen name Sengbian Yuan, Tao-yuan, and. that \ The victory by the most is the corresponding method and timing come home to visit family in .1253, Teng mountain the face of the clear sun, chant \ cases of the day. Rotary Temple in the clear open the legal seat, according to the \ Ritsu is a traitor. \ Lotus Sutra, \ net, the defects of Zen, special instructions from France and China believe, when a large touch Hojo Lai Wrath, to lie to deceive people exiled to the Izu (Shizuoka today) to the east. amnesty two years later returned to Kamakura, still criticize the defects of as before. then by the Shogunate arrested, exiled Sado (in this new). and beheaded along the way, unofficially, to Longkou Department days is the SG, Daozhang bad paragraph. into exile, known to history as \ This is all disciples Piece \) Minobu mountain building Hermitage, for the Hong cloth \ money \ reform era of the reformists who, back screen reform movement activists, thinkers, famous North Star sword sword high flow, formerly Tosa strong local fan, then two off-fan to become reformists who, in 1861 joined the Tosa loyalist party to participate in sports .1862 Sonnō jōi Bakufu warships to pursue victory in Track and Field into sects, under its liberal ideological influence. Track and Field after the introduction by the win, get to know Xixianglongsheng, and get the Satsuma (now Kagoshima Prefecture) of aid, in 1863, created in Nagasaki Kameyama \ procuring two fan to conclude in the same year in March, \ station troops on a back screen. In the same year on July 10 to 13 days, from Nagasaki to Hyogo (now Kobe Area) of the voyage, that \ the establishment of the emperor as the center of the new system of state power. through his efforts, July 23 ~ 27, it has concluded Satsuma, Tosa two fan Covenant (Covenant soil Sa) and Sa clay art in San Francisco convention (ie security Arts Art, Hiroshima Prefecture today), further expanded the curtain down front. After the adoption of the same clan of persuade the lords Goto Shojiro Yamauchi Fiduciary and promote their advice Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu \ 10 day and night, with fan in Kyoto and back curtain camp, landing aid Shintaro Nakaoka captain talks , the group of assassins were assassinated see the back. death, by the new government after the Meiji Restoration was posthumously four.
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Okada with possession of radium in 2010, made on paper Ink 99cm x 53cm
Okada to Tibet (1838-1865) (Natural Forest Protection Program nine years – the first year of Keio) Bakumatsu beheaded four people, one of those days of vocal waving sword, known as thin on behalf of the assassin. young age with possession of suffering humiliation, mind full of \ seen as an attempt to get rid of their inferior status of illusion. He grew up to become big like Miyamoto Musashi, swordsman , but his identity, it is difficult to enter the dojo class learning. He only stole possession off the Road, was formed unique-style assassination of swordsmanship. Ansei three years, the opportunity has finally arrived. In the new town to open temple of higher rural persons, but also Tosa loyalist party leader Wu City Rui Shan (Wu City Hanpeita) phase taking possession of amazing talent, with possession of a formal study with a teacher opportunity to finally get to send him to learn knife stream .1856 Ono, the Swiss mountains to practice Edo Study Tour to Tibet was allowed to be accompanied. in possession of the excitement is indescribable, to the benefactor Takechi Hanpeita to Tibet is sacrosanct: \ wise true mass flow. FIRST YEAR (1860), he also accompanied by Ray Hill, the secretary of defense and the Kyushu local travel practice, the way in Feng Gang fan after learning directed stream fencing. swordsman with possession of the name, the world from Hong Chuan.
with possession of a young man in the temple town of Bukavu in Hanpeita attend knife stream fencing. Ansei three years (1856) in September, with possession to the Edo Sato unearthed, and in the spring of Tibetan sects Momoi Mirror Heart wise flow study swordsmanship. later, with possession with the arms market Hanpeita traverse the four countries, China and Kyushu for fencing practice. Fumihisa first year (1861) in August, Wu City Hanpeita in Edo established Tosa loyalist party. both Tibetan joined loyalist party, and the next year Meet the new Samurai Tanaka, both as the two major party loyalist \ The sword is beyond doubt. in the \ synonymous with fear.
text for a long time for three years on Sept. 21, as Tosa Tosa clan began to suppress the loyalist party, the party city of the first half of Wu Ping was arrested too. followed, Okada with possession of naturally escape the fate of arrested. Wu City Hanpeita fear of torture to confess to possession can not stand, so ready to kill him with poison. Unexpectedly poisoning attempt, but made to possession of the arms market Hanpeita am very frustrated, it will simply lay it all themselves know move out.
Keio first year (1865) Run on May 11, Wu City Hanpeita was ordered to commit hara kiri suicide, and to Tibetan and other nine persons were sentenced to cut penalty. liable to cut in front to stay hidden The next sentence of the first death of:
Jun Circular Sorry, no desu. ga heart with possession for the water on の は え に し bubble after eliminating Cheng み wa wa ta ru empty
throughout the year 20-year-old
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monk Hui Liang, Hyogo people. 12-year-old monk to vote in the East tomorrow. Participation in cold rock, the latter implicit reference to white. convert its law Dongming heir. deathbed left his face to write verse goes: assing off when the ash and smoke from the now silent samadhi before. so contacts so live, Kaoru Mei Flower Toru Sichan days. closing document meditation meditation dies. Sai Shou 60-year-old,
30-year-old living Holford Centre, people to participate. create directed, round Temple and so many foreigners come to Zen. State Temple in Kyoto for the Rinzai Trail field, is extremely famous.
Japanese Rinzai Zen in the Kamakura period (1186 ~ 1333) the large should Shao-ming, the sects out there Headlight Super wonderful. were out of the mountain bee Hui Xuan Ha, the Bank said the system should be light off the Zen. Development of the monks, wonderful heart of the confrontation between the Sri Lankan opposition by consumers for its solution, specializing in temple construction. Heritage verse goes: ay ash and smoke when the fire off, silent before the samadhi from now. so contacts so live, Kaoru Mei Flower thorough Sichan days. remation fireworks gone, remnants of the gray smog still quiet, there has been no difference in the world for present and future. 60 years of life, whether that is the case, the painting of plum blossom perfume, incense to no human desire Sichan days, perfume endless. silent Samadhi: Samadhi-free phase. everything is empty, no difference in phase All a void in the world, is naturally prior to its silent voice heard is Ignorance. between: between life and death, is life. Samadhi in this phase is not before the world. painting of plum blossom Health incense, incense to Sichan days go, neither is the Wu Yu world has.
About
radium radium statement made, Farmington were blade, No. ignorance sea, ink empty, peach snow, breathe, Xue An, Song Zhou , wood boat, boat away, iron swords, cut armor, fast Hyun Chung Fu Chen, magic circles ronin, no romantic dream Um passenger prayers Road Flyover, Magic Home Um, nothing fast, big black, recruited, pines Zhai Zhu, Zhen Bamboo Square, no students Fang, Xiu Xie, fasting, and whisk cloud Um, replica gucci handbags, forget Quan Square, Mu Xue Tang, but half Um no trial so fast. 1983 Born in Beijing, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, deep County native . non-famous poet, novelist, wholesale gucci handbags, Ink Artists, writers of Chinese deity of its members. graduated from the Beijing 201 art vocational high schools, graduating from high school to give up college entrance examination, conducted after the series of small business, clerk, editorial director, painter, freelance writer and other occupations, won First National Youth Cup third prize literary contest,, the first blog in Chinese Poetry Competition Award of Excellence, many in Beijing, the bars, cafes, street and college recitation (13 Club, rock music festival, WHAT it rock show, the People University Poetry Festival, Institute of Graphic readings, poetry, Taoyuan, etc.), had spontaneously organized in the streets of Chang n Avenue side of personal painting exhibition, after police and city management are banned and taken away. In recent years, access to traditional Japanese culture, traditional arts of Japan for In year 2006, with reference to art and the sea, Gryllotalpa africona mound, Speaking, Barred Plymouth Rock, Xiao-free , Hou Lei form a \ to enter the Zen calligraphy and painting, as the road to achieve both, Road, and art are one, but not the art of doing Katsuyoshi solution, not because of the death so. not to do secular Zen solution , due to the way up it. So In the infinite creativity tempered with unlimited physical and mental practice, respect, \ Oil Painting Exhibition (Beijing Capital Times Square, Chang n)
2003 joined the Red poetry , invited to attend the Chinese People University Poetry Festival Poetry Reading Session (People University Poetry Festival: red members of these societies Session)
2003 year and poet Red Guards in Beijing Xicheng District, all lots were \ Poetry Wall of China, \ divine writers alliance
2006 Renmin University of China, was invited to participate in the sixth year and Gryllotalpa africona Poetry Festival
2007 Otsuka, Ouyang noon cooperation experimental readings recorded voice work, \ Accompaniment: Ouyang noon)
2007 years Songzhuang Art Festival artist village poet readings (Beijing Song Village, in a gallery)
2008 attended in 2008 Books, Fair \ In the second unit sporadic acts of reading poetry festival \ \ 12 \ Great Tibetan poetry Cong: Radium words Volume \ later, after 80 Poetry files, \ Poetry income \ are considered out of the reproduced copy.

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]]> http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/274/feed 0 honorifc speech in japanese http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/273 http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/273#comments Fri, 10 Feb 2012 14:19:13 +0000 admin important reminder: the syst]]> April 11, 2011
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The Japanese language has many honorifics, parts of speech which show respect, and their use is mandatory in many social situations. Honorifics in Japanese may be used to emphasize social distance or disparity in rank, or to emphasize social intimacy or similarity in rank. The system of honorifics in Japan is very extensive, including various levels of respectful, humble, and polite speech, and it closely resembles the honorific systems of the Korean language, and in some elements, Chinese. Honorifics in Japanese are broadly referred to as keigo (honorific, literally “respectful language”), and fall under three main the categories: sonkeigo (respect language), respectful language; kenjōgo (Qian issuing the language), [note 1] humble language (or “modest language ); and teineigo (cotinine language), polite language. Linguistically, the former two are referent honorifics, used for someone being talked about , and the last is an addressee honorific, used for someone being talked to . get starry – eyed when two more categories are also used for five categories total: teichōgo (D re-phrase) “courteous language” and bikago (beautify the language), “the word beautification”, but more often these are included in the above three: teichōgo as a kind of kenjōgo (humble), bikago as a kind of teineigo (polite) – these two other categories use the same forms as the general categories, but are used in different contexts, hence differentiated by some linguists. Each type of speech has its own vocabulary and verb endings.
For example, the standard the form of the verb “to do” is suru (su ru). This the form is appropriate with family members and close friends The polite form of suru, the addressee honorific, is shimasu. This form is appropriate in most daily interactions. When showing respect, such as when talking about a customer or a superior, however, the respectful word nasaru and its polite form nasaimasu are used, and when referring to one own actions or the actions of a group member, the humble word itasu and its polite form itashimasu are used. These respectful and humble words are referent honorifics, and thus can coexist with addressee honorific-masu. Polite language, teineigo, is characterized by the use of the sentence ending “desu” and the verb ending “masu” and the use of prefixes such as “o” and “go” towards neutral objects. Television presenters invariably use polite language, and it is the form of the language first taught to most non-native learners of Japanese. Polite language can be used to refer to one own actions or those of other people. Respectful language, sonkeigo, is a special form or alternate word used when talking about superiors and customers. It is not used to talk about oneself. For example, when a Japanese hairdresser or dentist requests their client to take a seat, they say o kake ni natte kudasai to mean “please sit down”. However, they would use the verb suwaru rather than o kake ni naru to refer to themselves sitting down. The respectful version of language can only be used to refer to others. In general, respectful language is directed at those in positions of power; for example, a superior at work, or a customer. It also implies that the speaker is acting in a professional capacity. It is characterized by lengthy polite expressions. Common verbs may be replaced by more polite alternative verbs, for example, suru (do) by nasaru, or hanasu (talk) by ossharu when the subject is a person of respect. Some of these transformations are many-to-one: iku, (go), kuru (come), and iru (be) all become irassharu, and taberu (eat) and nomu (drink ) both become meshiagaru. Verbs may also be changed to respectful forms. One respectful form is a modification of the verb with a prefix and a polite suffix. For example, yomu (read) becomes o-yomi ni naru, with the prefix o- added to the i-form of the verb, and the verb ending ni naru. The verb ending – (r) areru can also be used, such as yomareru. Nouns also undergo substitution to express respect. The normal Japanese word for person, hito , man, becomes kata side, in respectful language. Thus a the customer would normally be expected to be referred to as a kata rather than a hito In general, humble language is used when describing the one actions or the actions of a person Show in one in-group to others such as customers in business. Humble language tends to imply that one actions are taking place in order to assist the other person. Humble language (kenjōgo) is similar to respectful language, in substituting verbs with other forms. For example suru (do) the becomes itasu and morau (receive) becomes itadaku. These two the verbs are also seen in the set phrases such as dō itashimashiteitadakimasu (い ta da ki ma desu-a the phrase said before eating or drinking). (you e welcome) and
Similar to respectful language, verbs can also change their form by adding a prefix and the verb “suru” or “itasu”. For example, motsu (carry) becomes o mochi shimasu. The use of humble forms may imply doing something for the other person; thus a Japanese person might offer to carry something for someone else by saying o mochi shimasu. This type of humble form also appears in the set phrase o matase shimashita, “I am sorry to have kept you waiting “, from mataseru (make wait) with the addition of o and shimasu. Similarly, o negai shimasu,” please [do this] “, from negau (request or hope for), again with the addition of o and shimasu.
Even more politely, the form motasete itadaku literally means “humbly be allowed to carry”. This phrase would be used to express the idea that “I will carry it if you please.”
of The same the forms may also be used when the speaker is not the the agent, as a courtesy to the the listener, as in the common phrase tram ga parameter ri ma desu (densha ga mairimasu “a train is arriving”) at rail stations. In the case, the announcer himself is not arriving, but he is simply being courteous. Some linguists distinguish this from kenjōgo (where the speaker is the agent), calling it instead teichōgo (D re-phrase) “courteous language”, and the defining it formally as: [1] [2] This category was first proposed by Hiroshi Miyachi (Miyachi margin). [3] [4] Teichōgo, as an addressee honorific, is always used with the teineigo (-masu) form, the politeness of the sequence (using “go” as an example) being OK ku, OK ki ma desu parameters ri ma si.
In humble language, the name suffixes are dropped when referring to people From inside the one the group. Thus, a Japanese-speaking company executive would introduce himself and his team by saying “I am Gushiken the president, and this is Niwa, the CEO.”
Similarly to respectful language, nouns can also change. The word hito, person, meaning person. becomes mono, written by The humble version is used when referring to oneself or members of one group, such as one company. The Word beautification (bikago, beautify the language, “beautified speech”, in tanka also sometimes gago, Ya language, “elegant speech”) is the practice of making words. more polite or “beautiful” This the form of language is employed by the speaker to the add refinement to the one manner of speech. This is commonly achieved by adding the prefix o The – or go-to a word and used in conjunction with the polite form of verbs. In the following example, o before cha and senbei and the polite form of the verb are used to this effect.
Example : お tea ni Pacific pancake and co い of yo ku ma si ne O-cha ni o-senbei ne yoku aimasu:
Tea and rice crackers go well (together), do not they
< br /> In finer classifications, the above example is classified as word beautification – rather than honorific speech – as the speaker is voicing a general opinion regarding tea and rice crackers and is not intentionally deferential towards the listener. In the following example, the speaker is directly referring TO the the listener and items received by them and is regarded as honorific language.
Example: お house 様 ka Transportation い ta da い た お fruit wa big 変 Pacific い し ゅ う ご za い ma shi ta O-taku-sama kara, itadaita okashi wa taihen oishuugozaimashita:
The sweets you gave me were most delectable.
See the section on honorific prefixes, below, for further discussion. Honorifics are considered extremely important in a business setting . Training in honorifics usually does not take place at school or university, so company trainees are trained in correct use of honorifics to customers and superiors. When using polite or respectful forms, the point of view of the speaker is shared by the speaker in- group (the uchi), so in.-group referents do not take honorifics. For example, members of the one own company are referred to with humble the forms when speaking with an external person; similarly, family members of the speaker are referred to humbly when speaking to guests. Similarly, the out-group (outside Soto) addressee or referent is always mentioned in the polite the style (though not necessarily with honorifics). Mastery of politeness and honorifics is important for functioning in Japanese society. Enough Not speaking politely, can be insulting, and speaking too politely can be distancing (and therefore also insulting) or seem sarcastic. Children generally speak using plain informal speech, but they are expected to master politeness and honorifics by the end of their teenage years. Recent trends indicate that the importance of proper politeness is not as high as before, particularly in metropolitan areas. The standards are inconsistently applied towards foreigners, though it is generally recommended for adult learners of Japanese to master the polite style before attempting the others. [citation needed] Depending on the situation, women speech may contain more honorifics than men . In particular, in informal settings, women are more likely to use polite vocabulary and honorific prefixes, such as gohan o taberu for “eat cooked rice”, whereas men may use less polite vocabulary such as meshi o kū for exactly the same meaning. This is part of a general pattern of difference in speech by gender. However, in many settings, such as customer service, there will be little or no difference between male and female speech. Japanese has grammatical functions to express several different emotions. Not only politeness but also respectfulness, humility and formality can be expressed. There are three levels of politeness, plain or direct (often body jōtai or ordinary body futsūtai), polite, or had evidence of distal (honorific keitai or cotinine teinei) and formal (generally the the honorific keigo or the most respect body saikeitai). Formal and polite can be combined. For example, for the sentence “This is a book” The informal the style is used among friends, the had evidence of distal or polite style by inferiors when addressing superiors and among strangers or casual acquaintances, and the formal style generally in writing or prepared speeches. The plain formal and informal styles of verbs are identical, with the exception of the verb de aru used as a copula. However , formal language in Japanese uses different vocabulary and structures from informal language. For example, formal language uses many two-kanji Chinese-derived words conjugated with suru, and substitutes highly formal vocabulary such as joshi for josei (woman). Further to this, there is another factor, respect, which is indicated in yet other ways. For each politeness level there are two respectful the forms (honorifics keigo). These respectful the forms are represented by different verb endings. Since the verbs come at the end of the sentence in Japanese, most of the factors formality, politeness, and respect is expressed at the very end of each sentence. Jon san ga Satō san wo matsu.
John waits for Sato. Sensei ga o-machi-ni -naru.
(The) teacher waits. Sensei wo o-machi-suru.
We wait for you, Teacher. The o-machi-suru humble forms carry an implication that the waiting or other activity is being (humbly) done by the speaker for the benefit of the person being addressed. Thus a humble sentence is unlikely to take a third person subject. For example, a sentence like jon ga sensei wo o machi suru (John waits for the teacher) is unlikely to occur. Japanese requests and commands have many set forms depending on who is being addressed by whom. For example, the phrase yoroshiku o negai shimasu, meaning “I ask you for favor” can take various forms. At the bottom of the scale comes which might be used between male friends. Its more polite variant might be used towards less familiar people or to superiors. Going up in politeness, the phrase means the same thing, but is used in business settings. It is possible to go further, replacing the polite “shimasu” with the humble itashimasu, to get In extremely formal Japanese, such as that used on New Year greeting cards, this may be replaced with an even more polite expression When making requests , at the bottom of the politeness scale comes the plain imperative tabero or kue, literally “Eat!”, a simple order to be said to an inferior or someone considered to have no choice, such as a prisoner. This form might convey anger. Similarly, the “no / n da” suffix can make an order: taberu n da, or kuu n da “Eat!”. To express anger, the suffix yagaru also exists: “kuiyagare”, an extremely forceful and angry instruction to eat , expressing contempt for the addressee. Negatives are formed by adding suffix na: taberu na “do not eat”, gomi o suteru na: “do not throw away rubbish”. Similarly, the negative of da, ja nai, can be used: taberu n ja nai. More polite, but still strict, is the nasai suffix, which attaches to the i-form of the verb. This originates in the polite verb nasaru. Tabenasai thus is an order perhaps given by a parent to a child. This is often colloquially shortened to na, hence tabena. This form has no grammatical negative. Requests can also be formed by adding to the “te” form of a verb. The plainest form adds kure, an irregular form of the verb kureru, to the te form. For example tabete kure or kutte kure: “eat it”, less forceful than “tabero”. Negatives are made by using the negative “te” form: tabenaide kure or kuwanaide kure “don eat it”. Going up one scale in politeness, the more polite verb kudasai is added. For example tabete kudasai. With this polite form, the rough kū verb is unlikely to be used. Similarly, tabenaide kudasai: “please don eat it”. A similar entry on the scale of politeness is made by using the imperative form of a polite verb. For example, meshiagaru, the polite verb for “to eat”, when turned into meshiagare, the imperative, becomes the response to the set phrase itadakimasu. Further , more polite forms are also possible. These involve the “i-form” of the verb rather than the “te form”, and an honorific prefix. For example, tsukau, “use”, becomes o tsukai kudasai: “please use this “. Politeness can be carried even further by conjugating kudasaru into its masu form and using the imperative, which becomes” o tsukai kudasaimase. “The most polite form of this would probably be along the lines of” o tsukai ni natte itadakimasen deshou ka. “” You will probably not bestow the favor of honorably using this? “Language like this, however, is rarely used. Other ways to increase politeness involve indirection of the request: kore o tsukau you ni o negai shimasu:” I humbly request that you think about using this “.

The bikago (beautifying) prefixes to o-and go-(both written Imperial, or in. hiragana) are honorific prefixes to which are applied to nouns and sometimes to verbs. In general, go-precedes Sino-Japanese words (that is, words borrowed from Chinese or made from Sino-Japanese elements), while o-precedes native Japanese words. There are exceptions, however, such as the Sino-Japanese word for telephone (denwa), which takes the honorific prefix o-. There is also a rarer prefix mi-, which is mostly used in words. related to the gods and the emperor, such as mi-koshi (the Mikoshi the portable shrine in. Shinto) and MI-na (Imperial name, “the the Holy the Name” in. Christianity). However, in the this the context it is often replaced by God (“god”, also pronounced mi-), and then a further Royal (pronounced お – o-) may be added, as in Goze opinion (o-mi-koshi).
Although these honorific prefixes to are often translated into English as “honorable” (“o-denwa,” for example, would be given as “the honorable telephone”) this translation is unwieldy and cannot convey the true feeling of their use in Japanese. These prefixes are essentially untranslatable, but their use indicates a polite respect for the item named or the person to or about whom the one is speaking. A, shorter translation is “dear” – for example, o The-ko-san お child さ san translates idiomatically as “your dear child” – and a similar sentiment is expressed in. such English expressions as “Would you like a spot of tea? “or” Would you like a little tea? “(as opposed to the plain” Would you like some tea? “).
There are some words which frequently or always take these prefixes , regardless of who is speaking and to whom; these are often ordinary items which may have particular cultural significance, such as tea (o-cha) and rice (go-han). The word meshi, the Japanese equivalent of Sino-Japanese go -han,, is considered rough and masculine (male language). Honorific prefixes to can be used for other the items, possibly for a comic or sarcastic effect (for example, o – kokakōra, “the Coca-Cola, honorable). Overuse of honorific prefixes to may be taken as pretentious or simpering, and, as with other polite speech, they are more used by women than men.
In tea ceremony, common ingredients and equipment always take the honorific o-or go-, including water (o-mizu), hot water (o-yu), and tea bowls (o-chawan). However, these terms are often heard in daily life as well.
As with honorific word forms and titles, honorific prefixes are used when referring to or speaking with a social superior, or speaking about a superior actions or possessions, but not usually when referring to oneself or one own actions or possessions, or those of one in-group. < br />
For example, when referring to one own order at a restaurant, one would use chūmon, but when referring to a customer order, the restaurant staff would use go-chūmon. Similarly, kazoku means “my family, “while go-kazoku means” your family “(or, broadly speaking, someone else family).
Foreign loanwords (except those that come from Chinese; see above) seldom take honorifics, but when they do o-seems to be preferable to go-. Examples are o-bīru (bīru: beer), which can sometimes be heard at restaurants, o-kādo (kādo: card, as in credit card or point card), which is often heard at supermarkets and department stores, and o-sōsu (honorable none of your sauce).
O-was also commonly used as an element in the female names in pre-war Japan. For example O-hana (お flower) O-haru (お spring), and so on. This was a less polite honorific than “san”. For example, a female servant, Haruko, would be referred to as O-haru rather than Haruko-san. This usage has disappeared in current Japanese. While English has different registers, its levels of formality and politeness are not as formalized as in Japanese. However, they can be instructive in gaining a feel for Japanese speech. English imperatives range from very blunt (“Give me the book , “) to very indirect and elaborate (” If it not too much trouble, could you please be so kind as to pass me the book? “- note the use of potential form, as in Japanese). Similarly, changes in word use can the make language more flowery or respectful – rather than “the Do you know?”, the one might say “Are you this precept and with?” or “Are you acquainted with?”, which convey some of the feel of of known ru versus ご deposit known da. In English, words of Germanic origin are generally plainer, from French are generally more flowery (compare “drink” versus “beverage”), and from Latin are more formal and technical (see Anglish and related articles); similarly in Japanese, words of Japanese origin are plainer, while words of Chinese origin are more formal. These are not hard-and-fast rules, but give a feel for the gradations.
Humble language is less common in modern English, but is found in some contexts, such as guests saying “I am honored to be here,” (rather than “I am glad to be here” or “I am happy to be here”) and in various valedictions such as “Sincerely”, which were formerly more formal and humble, with such forms as “I am, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,” and the like. A form of ersatz keigo is used in some convenience stores and fast-food restaurants, with the young often part-time employees – often unskilled in. standard keigo – being instructed to use these the form by instruction in manuals. Accordingly, it is known as ma ni ュ ア Hikaru respect language (manyuaru keigo, “the manual keigo”) or バ イ Suites King language (baito keigo, part-timer keigo “). It features various forms which horrify linguistic purists and confuse those unfamiliar with the conventions. A common example is” udon ni narimasu “(literally” [this] becomes udon “,” [this] will be udon ” ) as a polite form of “udon desu” (“[this] is udon”), instead of the standard “udon de gozaimasu” (“[this] is udon (polite)”) – the manual keigo form is proscribed on the basis that the udon is not becoming anything, and “ni naru” is not proper keigo.
This can be compared to such English usages as “We will be landing momentarily” (literally “We will be landing for a moment [but then taking off again almost immediately] “) for” We will be landing soon “- traditionally incorrect but now common usage with origins in standardized training. < strong> Hokkaidō · to the Tōhoku (the Tsugaru · Kesen · Yamagata) · Kantō (Ibaraki · Tokyo) · Tōkai-Tōsan (Nagaoka < strong> · · , Nagoya Mino, · of Hida) the Kansai ·, · Hokuriku < / strong> Chūgoku · Umpaku · Shikoku (Iyo · Tosa · Sanuki) · Hōnichi · Hichiku (Saga) · Satsugū · Hachijō · Okinawa
Japanese grammar · Verb conjugations and adjective declensions · Consonant and vowel verbs · Pronouns · Adjectives · Possessives · Particles · Topic marker · Counter words · Numerals · Sino -Japanese vocabulary · Honorific speech · Honorifics · Gender differences · Loan words (gairaigo)
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]]> http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/273/feed 0 Japan special report on 4 – enterprises siege outsiders into the difficult http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/272 http://www.itcnit.cn/archives/272#comments Fri, 10 Feb 2012 14:19:02 +0000 admin Insiders and outs]]> December 7, 2010
Insiders and outsiders Japanese companies siege outsiders hard into
Japan fabled corporate culture is ill-suited to a smaller workforce and a knowledge-based of economy
Japan so-called The corporate culture has been difficult to adapt to the shrinking labor force and the coexistence of the knowledge economy era.
Nov 18th 2010
“The Economist” issued on November 18, 2010
Hands, up those who want a decent job
want decent work, please raise your hands!
IF YOU travel by public transport, Japan can seem like one of the most networked countries on Earth. When they are not asleep on your shoulder, many of the under-50s are feverishly thumbing their mobile phones. You would think they had a huge circle of friends, but Yuji Genda, a labour economist at the University of Tokyo, says that many just keep on texting the same few close friends and family. Maintaining such strong bonds with a few people is very different from the Western way of keeping up with lots of “Facebook friends”, few of them close.
If you take the public transport travel in Japan, you will feel that Japan ranks among the world Exalted interpersonal contact is the most frequent national ranks, If you do not rely on your shoulder, lethargic, less than 50-year-old people are tirelessly playing with the phone, you would think they will have a large group of friends. Tokyo University labor economist, Genda said by the rule, they are just so few close friends and family to maintain SMS contact. Maintain close contact with the habit of this with only a handful of friends with Westerners big, they have dealings with a lot of “social networking site friends”, but one of the few close friend.
Such strong relationships are echoed in Japan tightly knit firms, some of which are clannish to their roots. Mitsubishi, for instance, started life in 1870 running the ships of the Tosa clan from an island in southern Japan . Though it is now one of the world biggest trading companies, it still displays signs spelling out the founding family core principles everywhere. Its employees are encouraged to drink Kirin beer because its makers are part of the Mitsubishi family. The companies think this tribalism is a source of strength. Innovators generally bring dedication, fame and fortune to their firms rather than striking out on their own.
this intimate relationships is also reflected in the tightly-organized Japanese companies. Many Japanese companies are family-owned business. Mitsubishi, for example, ship operators Tosa family started in the southern Japan island in 1870. Although now one of the world largest trading company, Mitsubishi went still show representative founded by the family of the core concept of flag. The company encourages employees to drink Kirin beer, the beer manufacturer from the Mitsubishi family. The Japanese company believes that this family of doctrine is a source of strength. Innovative staff are often efforts to pay for the company to bring fame and fortune, rather than develop their own piece of the sky.
Like many tribes, however, companies have a strict pecking order based on age. When Howard Stringer, the Welsh-born boss of Sony, last year promoted four promising Japanese middle managers to senior positions over the heads of their bosses, the chosen ones were initially nervous about accepting.
However, like many families, the company has a strict system, according to age seniority. Welsh-born Sony boss Howard Stringer, the exceptional promotion last year four promising middle managers to executives, positions beyond their superiors. The beginning, they also accept the promotion feel uneasy.
There are also lots of rules. These are useful for encouraging the attention to detail and relentless improvement that are the hallmarks of Japan high-precision manufacturing, but they can be less helpful in the more free-spirited knowledge economy. Nor is clannishness best suited to a depopulating country. To find new markets, Japan needs to have a vibrant exchange of information with the outside world, which it has not been good at lately. It also needs to attract talented workers with adaptable skills.
In addition, with the family, the company also has many provisions, these provisions will help to staff attention to detail, and tireless pursuit of progress, these are Japan high-precision manufacturing, quality assurance, but is no benefit for the knowledge-based economy of liberalism. At the same time, a country population is declining, the sense of family is out of date. To find new markets, the need for Japan to actively exchange information with the outside world, while its recent poor performance. Japan also needs to attract talented employees to adapt to the strong.
The island mentality affects the products Japanese firms make. The Nomura Research Institute (NRI), a consultancy, coined the term “the Galapagos effect” to describe how mobile-phone companies such as Sharp developed brilliant 3G technologies that are ubiquitous in Japan but had no impact overseas, where the mobile ecosystem is different. With an almost comic lack of irony, Sharp this year is introducing an e-reader exclusively for the Japanese market which it has called Galapagos.

island thinking seriously affect the company products in Japan. Japanese consulting firm Nomura Research Institute (NRI) to create the word “Niagara Pag Island effect” to describe the development of Japanese companies such as Sharp cutting-edge 3G technology and only in Japan but never set foot in the mobile industry ecosystem phenomenon of different overseas markets. More sense of joy, not ironic, this year, Sharp introduced a only e-book reader for the Japanese market, it named as the “Galapagos”.
A few big firms, such as Sony and Nissan, have hired outside bosses, though usually under duress: both faced severe competition from abroad. Sony Mr Stringer has had to wrestle with Japan corporate culture in trying to turn the company round. Nissan went further than most by forging an alliance with Renault, a French carmaker, with which it shares its chief executive, Carlos Ghosn.
such as Sony and Nissan a few large enterprises hire expatriates executives do, although they are a last resort: The two companies are facing fierce competition from overseas, Mr. Stringer, Sony would have to reverse the development of the situation in the wrestling of the Japanese corporate culture. Nissan to go further than most companies, it formed an alliance with the French car manufacturer Renault, by the Chief Executive Officer Carlos Ghosn in command two companies.
But Japanese firms hiring practices remain inward-looking, which means their workforce may lack a global perspective. The big firms take on as many students as they can from top Japanese universities, irrespective of their skills or outside interests. They hire almost exclusively upon graduation, so studying abroad during the recruitment period is bad for applicants job prospects. Even Japanese graduates with PhDs from foreign universities despair of getting jobs at big Japanese firms because they will be seen as overqualified. By and large Japan remains a “one-shot society”: those who fail to get a good job upon graduation can be that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen out for life.
but the pattern of recruitment of Japanese companies is still inward-looking, but also means that their employees lack the international perspective. Other large companies as much as possible from the Japanese domestic first-class universities recruit graduates, without regard to their skills and hobbies, they are almost to limit the recruitment of graduates, the recruiting season is still studying overseas graduates employment prospects are very bleak. In Japan, even Ph.D. students from foreign universities are also hopeless to enter the large Japanese corporations, because they think that is overkill. Overall, Japan is still the “final word” society, those who did not find a good job upon graduation, life not turn the body.
Some believe that Japan insularity may have caused it to miss one of the biggest business opportunities of the past decade: it failed to realise that a lot of the value had migrated from the electronic devices that the country had excelled at making to the content to which they gave access. Sony, for example, is seeking to deal with the problem by integrating its huge film, music and gaming content into its sleek products. Some people believe that this narrow thinking may make it missed a tremendous business opportunities in the past decade: Japan has failed to realize that a large part of the value from their own very good at producing electrical products has been transferred to the contents of the level of these products. Sony, for example, it is currently trying to find a solution to integrate the vast amounts of movies, music and game content to its refined products. NRI Fumikazu Kitagawa says to deal with a shrinking population, Japanese companies will need to reach out to overseas markets and perhaps to forge partnerships with foreign firms that make software to complement their devices. If it is not forthcoming, says Jesper Koll, head of research at JPMorgan in Japan, the future may be not so much Galapagos as Easter Island, where at one stage in the 19th century the number of native Rapa Nui tribesmen shrank to 111. His message is stark: “Corporate culture is killing Japan.” < br />
Nomura Research Institute North Sichuan Wen said in response to the shrinking of the population, Japanese companies need to expand overseas markets, it might also be to establish cooperative relations with foreign enterprises to produce some software to enhance the selling point of its hardware. JP Morgan Chase chief researcher Jie Sipo Cole said such cooperation can not be achieved, Japan future is not so much like Niagara Pag Island, it is more Easter Island, the island of origin in the nineteenth century pull The Panu Yi there were only 111 people. His message of sharply: “Japan corporate culture will be set in Japan to kill.”

For better, for worse
is bright road, or rugged trails?
The company song may have gone, but for the moment loyalty, character-building induction rituals and rigid hierarchies remain common for fast-track managerial employees. Japanese workers introduce themselves by their company name first and their own name second, and are far more likely to define themselves by whom they work for than by what they do. This is true even in Japan most global companies. “In the United States you are always dating the company,” says the one executive. “Our the employees marry us.”
seems to have passed to the history of the company prides itself on staff, but promoted faster management employees have in common is: Loyal of good character and to comply with a strict hierarchy. Japanese employees introduce themselves, will be referred to the company name, and then introduce themselves, they are more inclined to introduce themselves for whom the work, and rarely talked about what work. Even if the same is true in Japan a number of international companies. A company executive said: “In the U.S. relationship with the enterprise has been dating, and in Japan is to marry.”
For decades, this loyalty generated to huge. Sophomore year for Japan, making workers diligent , committed and highly productive. Their rewards were jobs for life and pay rising with age. The seniority-based pay system has receded as growth has slowed but the older workers, especially the over-50s, who are growing in number, remain the most costly.
the past few decades, loyalty to the company so that employees hard work, dedication, and effective. Reward employees is a life to worry about the iron rice bowl, as well as constantly pay rise with increasing age. When the slowdown in economic growth, this seniority pay system has also been a recession. But still up to the older employees to take, especially more than 50-year-old employees, which some people is increasing.
The weight of older workers in the labour force, and the cultural aversion-at least until the 2008 recession-to firing them has several tricky implications. The unlucky middle-aged employees who are laid off are, in effect, thrown on the scrapheap. Depressingly, it is possible to find former salarymen with good English working as security guards.
older employees in the labor force proportion, and do not like the dismissal of older employees tradition (at least before the economic recession in Japan in 2008) there are many subtle effects. Unfortunate enough to be fired in the middle-aged employees, in fact, equivalent to be tossed away, is likely to cause loss to see a former work salaried good English staff security.
Just as serious are the consequences for the young. Companies with large numbers of elderly employees have responded to a shrinking domestic market and stiff price competition in foreign markets by cutting expenditure on hiring and training younger workers. Companies are increasingly taking on “irregular” workers, meaning those without full-time contracts, who are easy to hire and fire. They now make up one-third of the labour force, up from 18% in 1984, and among women the share is more than half (see chart 4). Average pay for irregulars falls far short of that for “regular” employees, even if they are doing exactly the same job. Irregulars also get far less on-the-job training than their contracted counterparts. this exacerbates the skills gap in the Japanese of economy and weakens its overall level of competitiveness.
young to bear the consequences less severe. Large number of older employees in the company, cut the expenses of hiring and training new employees, in response to a severe price war recession in the domestic market and international market. The number of companies hire temporary workers increasing, they did not enter into a full-time contract with the company, date of hire and dismissal are easy. This part has accounted for one-third of the labor force, in the female labor force has more than half. Even do the same work, temporary average pay far less than full-time employees. And temporary workers to participate in on-the-job training opportunities for much less than the full-time employees. This is exacerbated by the workforce skills gap in the Japanese economy, but also weakened its overall competitiveness.
One encouraging sign, according to Tokyo University Mr Genda, is that young people with irregular jobs are finding it easier to stay on longer at the companies that hire them. But until they are treated the same as regular the employees, they will remain a poorly motivated underclass.
University of Tokyo, the source said Tian, ??a signal encouraging young temporary workers will find that they hired a company to continue to be down relatively easier. Until they enjoy the treatment of full-time employees, they are still employees of the worst of the underlying motivation.
Faced with a declining workforce, the government has realised that its first priority must be to make better use of the country capable existing workers. It is setting up more crèches to bring women back into the labour force, and indeed the proportion of women working is increasing as that of men is declining.
the face of the decline in labor force, the Japanese government has realized that its primary task is more full use of labor is now available. It is taking many initiatives to enable women to return to the labor, and indeed, when the proportion of male labor force is declining, the proportion of women is also increasing.

Bamboo ceiling
visible obstacles
Even so, according to the World Economic Forum the gap between male and female participation in the workforce in Japan remains larger than in any other developed country. Women wages lag one-third behind men , partly because they take irregular jobs, partly because they stop working to start families, and also because women are not given the same opportunities as men to follow managerial careers. Instead they are pigeonholed into less senior clerical jobs, which bosses used to regard as little more than matchmaking services to provide overworked husbands with loyal wives. < br />
Even so, according to data from the World Economic Forum, the gap between the proportion of men and women in the Japanese labor force remains between developed countries, women earn less than men one-third of the a part of the reason is that they do is temporary, and part is that they resign at home with children, in addition to also attributed to the opportunity they are promoted to management without a male. They will only be some relatively low level of administrative work, bosses in the past that this is nothing but men often work overtime to introduce the loyal wife.
The passing of the 1986 equal-employment-opportunity legislation removed most legal barriers to women in the workplace, but discrimination remains rampant. An executive at one of Japan leading trading behemoths explained that the women who applied in this year managerial hiring round were far more able than the men, yet only 20% of them were offered jobs because women were not considered well suited for the industrial employment the firm offered.
in 1986 by the equality employment opportunities legislation, legally almost cleared all obstacles to women in the workplace. However, discrimination is still common. A Japanese trading giant executives explained that the candidates of the management of women this year, capacity was significantly higher than male candidates, but only 20 were hired, because they believe this company business areas more suitable for men than women.
Such attitudes go all the way up to the boardroom. Only a tiny fraction of the country high-flying managers are women. One of them, Sakie Fukushima, of Korn / Ferry International, an executive-search firm, says there are only 16 senior female executives working in Japan top 100 companies. The glass ceiling in Japan is known as the bamboo ceiling, and is even harder to break.
this attitude from the grassroots to the Board of Directors. Japan has only a small part of senior manager is a woman Sakie Fukushima, Korn (of Korn / Ferry Int ) female executives in 100 companies in Japan, only 16 are women. Japanese workplace promotion of space, the ceiling is not glass, but the bamboo, this dominant disorder more difficult to break.
There is a similar bias against older workers staying on after the official retirement age. Japan has very high rates of employment among people aged 60-64 compared even with America. It generally did not encourage workers to retire before 60, as happened in continental Europe. But after 65 employment drops off sharply.
more than the official retirement age of employees, there are also similar discrimination. Even higher than the proportion of 60-64 year-old Japanese older workers to total employment in the United States. With the same continental Europe, Japan does not encourage employees to retire before the age of 60. But the labor force over the age of 65 has plummeted.
Atsushi Seike of Keio University says this is partly because pensioners are subjected to an earnings test, so they get fewer benefits if they continue working. Mandatory restrictions at many firms force many workers to take lower-paid jobs after 60, though from 2013 it will be illegal to force anyone to retire before 65. This will make it even more necessary to scrap the seniority-based pay system, because keeping older workers on will be prohibitively expensive. Mr Seike thinks that small and medium-sized firms, which tend not to have the mandatory retirement ages, may be good places for older people to continue working. In fact some such firms have trouble trouble finding younger workers.
Keio University, provincial home Benedict said that this case partly because pension income assessment linked, so if they continue to work, the income benefits will be reduced. Many companies will adopt mandatory measures to arrange for employees aged 60 or over to low-paid positions. Since 2013, to force anyone to retire under the age of 65 will be illegal. This makes breaking the seniority pay system even more necessary, because the detention of senior staff will result in tremendous economic pressures. Mr. Province, home, SMEs usually do not set a mandatory retirement age, perhaps for the elderly may be a good place to work. In fact, many such companies there are difficulties in the recruitment of younger workers.
Another way of bumping up the number of workers is to employ more immigrants, though this is a cultural minefield in Japan. Pro-immigration policies are particularly opposed by young people fearing competition from newcomers, says Keiichiro Asao , an opposition politician who supports letting in more foreigners. The government wants to introduce an American-style green-card scheme, but it seems implausible that it would allow in enough foreign workers to make up for the demographic shortfall, even if they all learned Japanese: by some estimates that would require about 600,000 immigrants a year. Hiring highly skilled workers, like the Indian and Chinese graduates who flock to America, might be a better bet because it would introduce fresh ideas. another to expand the size of the workforce employment overseas migration, although this is the restricted area of ??the Japanese culture. A support for the immigration policy of the opposition politicians said the bill in favor of immigrants, particularly for young people to resist them from the competition of outsiders. Government wants to introduce a U.S. green card immigration policy, but a sufficient number of foreign workers to supplement the labor shortage in Japan, even if they are Japanese, it seems, or do not fly: some estimates, every year 600 000 immigrants. Employment of high-tech workers, such as India and China, the United States rush graduates, may be worth a try, because it can introduce new ideas. The number of foreigners living legally in Japan has more than doubled in 20 years, but only from 1m to just over 2m. Most of these are Chinese and Korean, and they are not always made welcome. Moreover, these countries own populations are ageing , so they may not be in the business of exporting people for much longer. the number of legal immigrants in the past 20 years has increased more than doubled, but only increased from 1 million to a little over 2 million. Mostly from China and South Korea, but they do not always popular. In addition, these countries the population is also aging, therefore the business of the output of their labor may not do for too long.
The number of foreigners who have completed their studies in Japan is pitifully low compared with other advanced economies: 0.7% of the total, compared with 29% in Australia, 16% in Britain and 13% in America , according to the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). Clearly the universities are not providing a breeding ground for bright foreign graduates who choose to stay.
According to the Japanese Ministry of Economy statistics, compared to other developed countries, foreigners in Japan to complete their studies very little, only 0.7% in Australia 29%, 16% in the UK, 13% in the United States. Obviously, Japanese universities is not sufficient to attract more students graduated who choose to remain in Japan.

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